This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesis—barbarism. 2 vols. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Theory and Society 16(5):675 (1987). The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with “The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard—” and sentimentalized the “savage wars of peace” as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the world’s barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. A chained “War Correspondent” is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his “white man’s burden” rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. Source: Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. “A Rival Who Has Come to Stay”: Naval Power. The strategy was among several emerging in these “small wars” of the turn of the century. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. The U.S. policy of “benevolent neutrality” supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary wars—here, the “Philippines” and “Transvaal” (Boer War)—back through time to “Roman Wars.” The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: “is civilization advancing?”. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of “Barbarism,” fades in the face of Civilization’s advance. Source: Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War £16,000,000 yearly." A tiny female “China” peers at the scene from behind a wall. The cartoon is recognized today as a standard illustration in history texts of the Scramble for Africa, and of colonialism as a whole. Britannia—Daughter! Twain went along, partly out of concern for his family, and “The War Prayer” was not published until 1916, six years after his death. The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. An elaborate Puck graphic from early in 1899 called “School Begins” incorporates all the players in a classroom scene to illustrate the legitimacy of governing without consent. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? Le Silence” (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. The caption at their feet exclaims “United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!”, “'United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, June 8, 1898. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edison’s recreation of the “Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets” (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called “Attack on a China Mission” (1900). Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Vol. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. ), In an image titled, “Vers le Camp de Reconcentration” (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. Death to all Schools but Ours.” The last marcher holds up “Drummer’s Samples,” referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to “new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child.” People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the “heathen” natives of non-Christian lands. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic “Some One Must Back Up” that heads this essay. The march of “civilization” against “barbarism” is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. 755 likes. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign waters—far from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the time—by defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut.” Udo Keppler, Puck, December 10, 1902. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britain’s burden and America’s is striking. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Claus—bearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. “Misery Loves Company”: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). 1, July 6, 2015. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt.. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. Vol 172 (February 1901). The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. to our semi-monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The caption, “From the Cape to Cairo. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The President’s Speech.” William Bengough, Life, May 24, 1900. Source: Library of Congress. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the “Spanish-American War” (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). The Origins of the Boxer Uprising (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Der britische Kolonialismus in Afrika ist stark mit dem Kap-Kairo-Plan verbunden. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study (London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Jahrhunderts und wird häufig im Diskurs rund um den Wettlauf um Afrika abgebildet. Cape-to-Cairo: Planning your trip When and How to Go The fall and winter months may be the best time to visit a widely separated group of African countries, according to … There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: “we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.”. “Uncle Sam and his English cousin have the world between them.” Here, the United States has ingested Cuba, “Porto” Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Puck’s caricature of Germany’s Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of “Kindred Interests” rooted in the “English Tongue.” Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Paris—which ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines—McKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizer’s responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. In the French cartoon “Leur rêve” (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. “The War Prayer” begins with a preacher praising the nation’s just and holy war, and leading his congregation in praying for victory. “After Many Years. Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem “The White Man’s Burden” was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of “civilization and progress” to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm China’s ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. In the U.S., pro-imperialist graphics created the image of robotic, unstoppable American soldiers stomping on foreign lands and towering over barefoot savages. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. ), … yesterday we took important commandos. Théophile Steinlen, L’Assiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. I relegated an escort. Brown, Arthur Judson. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden.” Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing mission—a battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned “The White Man’s Burden,” the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain’s John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nations—depicted in grotesque racist caricatures—uphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. The war with the Boers (who were ethnically Dutch and Afrikaans-speaking) took place in the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Africa Expedition Help offers the automobiles, gear; organises the required paperwork and actions, border crossings, and lead automobiles with skilled crew (together with a mechanic) to make sure you keep on monitor. “The White Man’s Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling)” (detail). O’er The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? 1900) and starlight from a goddess of “civilization”. In the “civilization” narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of L’Assiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, “A Vision de Hugo, 1802–1902.” The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Twain’s most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, “To the Person Sitting in Darkness,” was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. Even the language of Life’s caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled “The Strenuous Life.” Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger …. From Cairo to Cape: On Racial and Social Inequality Across the Continent Photo courtesy of the author Towards the end of the 19th century, the idea of a Cape to Cairo railway was born — a project that, at the time, was set to connect British possessions across the continent through a … The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Appelbaum, Stanley. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. – wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along?” Louis Dalrymple, Puck, July 24, 1895. First Lessons in Self Government.” The paper on desk reads: “The New Class. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? American ships for American commerce!!”. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled “California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled “Alaska” and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the “Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba.” All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. Around 1904 or 1905—in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)—Twain penned a short essay titled “The War Prayer.” The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. “Barbarism” lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bull—with “civilization” far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers “education” and “liberty.” The fifth stanza of Kipling’s poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarism’s companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. One of his most famous pet projects was a train line that would stretch from Cairo to Cape Town – to achieve this, it meant creating British territories in the heart of central Africa. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a “white man’s burden” and “civilizing mission” received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title “March of the Strenuous Civilization.” In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a “Missionary Ledger.” Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying “loot” and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying “booty.” “Science” comes next, clutching “lyddite,” a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. 367-373 (1998). Maine. Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. Jean Veber, L’Assiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Source: Library of Congress. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United States—rooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812—grew into a sympathetic partnership. 4). In “The Pigtail Has Got to Go,” a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. Gambone, Robert L. Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). Long May It Wave. “As the Heathen See Us — A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society.” John S. Pughe, Puck, November 21, 1900. China’s “Worn Out Traditions”—represented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynasty—are about to be cut with the shears of “19th Century Progress.”, Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a “yellow peril,” Germany’s major colonial possessions were in Africa. From Tientsin to Peking with the Allied Forces. A History of American Magazines. Click for full size image [+] Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Théophile Steinlen. One was the second Boer War of 1899–1902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Confucius”, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): “Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden.” Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing mission—a battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to “save the heathen” by showing how the Chinese might view the “foreign devils” in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. 8, Issue 4, pp. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as “your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child” would need sustained commitments “to serve your captives‘ needs.”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology © 2014 Visualizing Cultures. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. The countries have been jumbled to align them with American or British imperialistic interests. “Think It Over: All this for politics—is civilization advancing?”. Je l'ai fait reléguer sous bonne escorte. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon for Judge: “And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China.” In Flohri’s image, Uncle Sam—heavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the like—gives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled "Education" and "Religion.” The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. 730-735 (2008). Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. Civilization (to China). 62, Issue 4, pp. The catchphrase “Cape to Cairo” was first coined in 1874, by Edwin Arnold (editor of the Daily Telegraph) and was taken up by Cecil John Rhodes as a call for the “Civilisation” of Darkest Africa. Jean Veber, L’Assiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Tan, Chester C. The Boxer Catastrophe. Download Image of From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. History What The Eye Was Drawn Too The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town To Cairo Analysis Eliza Herrenkohl My eye was first drawn to the man's facial expression and his helmet with his arms spread wide. by Udo Keppler for Puck Magazine / Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Source: The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic “Some One Must Back Up” that heads this essay. In the storm clouds on the left, the “Eastern Question” looms. 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (“The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light”), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France. Louis Dalrymple’s exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. Man’s Burden,” in the caption to this Life cover published shortly after Kipling’s poem. The wall sign overhead reads: “The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent.” The class holds schoolbooks labeled “Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico.” Blackboard text: “The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijing—overflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christians—was put to siege. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwide—and this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. “Case Study: The Boxer War–The Boxer Uprising.” Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence (July 23, 2008). Source: Library of Congress, Left: “Kentucky feuds”, “New York City Government”, Right: “Labor riots”, “Anti-Chinese Riots”, Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian—Acts xxvi, 28.” A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sam’s duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Call Number: Illus. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Source: William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from “Our Christmas Tree,” including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories “Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines,” condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britain’s bloody war of conquest in South Africa. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britain’s colonial scheme for “Cape to Cairo” hegemony in Africa. Thus, under the “Here lies” (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Thomas Theodor Heine. Source: CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. From the Cape to Cairo book. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Man’s Burden” William H. Walker, cover illustration, Life, March 16, 1899.
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